Contamination status and exposure risk of mycotoxins in Coicis Semen / 中国中药杂志

By investigating the contamination status and predicting the exposure risk of mycotoxin in Coicis Semen, we aim to provide guidance for the safety supervision of Chinese medicinal materials and the formulation(revision) of mycotoxin limit standards. The content of 14 mycotoxins in the 100 Coicis Semen samples collected from five major markets of Chinese medicinal materials in China was determined by UPLC-MS/MS. The probability evaluation model based on Monte Carlo simulation method was established after Chi-square test and One-way ANOVA of the sample contamination data. Health risk assessment was performed on the basis of margin of exposure(MOE) and margin of safety(MOS). The results showed that zearalenone(ZEN), aflatoxin B_1(AFB_1), deoxynivalenol(DON), sterigmatocystin(ST), and aflatoxin B_2(AFB_2) in the Coicis Semen samples had the detection rates of 84%, 75%, 36%, 19%, and 18%, and the mean contamination levels of 117.42, 4.78, 61.16, 6.61, and 2.13 μg·kg~(-1), respectively. According to the limit standards in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2020 edition), AFB_1, AFs and ZEN exceeded the standards to certain extents, with the over-standard rates of 12.0%, 9.0%, and 6.0%, respectively. The exposure risks of Coicis Semen to AFB_1, AFB2, ST, DON, and ZEN were low, while 86% of the samples were contaminated with two or more toxins, which needs more attention. It is suggested that the research on the combined toxicity of different mycotoxins should be strengthened to accelerate the cumulative exposure assessment of mixed contaminations and the formulation(revision) of toxin limit standards.

Rapid detection of zearalenone in Coicis Semen based on ELISA / 中国中药杂志

Zearalenone(ZEN) is a toxic metabolite produced by Fusarium culmorum, F. graminearum, F. tricinctum, and other fungi, with estrogenic characteristics. Exposure to or ingestion of ZEN during pregnancy can cause reproductive dysfunction, miscarriage, stillbirth, and malformation, and seriously endanger human life and health. The detection methods for ZEN in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2020 edition) are liquid chromatography(LC) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(LC-MS), and it is stipulated that ZEN should not exceed 500 μg in 1 000 g of Coicis Semen. Although these detection methods by instruments can achieve the qualitative and quantitative analysis of ZEN in Coicis Semen, their high detection cost and long periods hinder the rapid screening of a large number of samples in the field. In this study, the synthesized ZEN hapten was conjugated with bovine serum albumin(BSA) and ovalbumin(OVA) to obtain the complete ZEN antigen. By virtue of antibody preparation techniques, ZEN monoclonal antibody 4F6 was prepared, which showed 177.5%, 137.1%, and 109.7% cross-reactivity with ZEN structural analogs zearalanol, zearalenone, and α-zearalenol, respectively, and no cross-reactivity with other fungal toxins such as aflatoxin. Direct competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(dcELISA) based on ZEN monoclonal antibody 4F6 was developed for the determination of ZEN in Coicis Semen with an IC_(50) of 1.3 μg·L~(-1) and a detection range of 0.22-21.92 μg·L~(-1). The recoveries were 83.91%-105.3% and the RSD was 4.4%-8.0%. The established dcELISA method was used to determine the ZEN residuals in nine batches of Coicis Semen samples, and the results were validated by LC-MS. The correlation between the two detection methods was found to be 0.993 9, indicating that the established dcELISA could be used for the rapid qualitative and quantitative detection of ZEN residuals in Coicis Semen.

Research on revision of origins to Chinese medicinal materials in 2020 edition of Chinese pharmacopoeia / 中国中药杂志

The origins of 9 species of the Chinese medicinal materials in the 2015 edition of the Chinese pharmacopoeia(ChP) has revised in the 2020 edition of ChP. The revision is based on the investigation and textual research on the problems found after screening the original plants, animals or minerals of all the Chinese medicinal materials in the 2015 edition. Among them the Chinese names of Alismatis Rhizoma, Cassiae Semen, Coicis Semen, Corydalis Bungeanae Herba and Echinopsis Radix all do not match to the Latin scientific names, and also do not match the name of the actual medicinal origins. In addition, Alismatis Rhizoma has the omission of original plant. There is confusion about the Chinese name and the family name of the original insect of Cera Chinensis. The original mineral of Gypsum Fibrosum has the wrong group names. Alumstone and melanterite, the original mineral of Alumen and Melanteritum respectively, of which the group names are missing. To solve these problems, field survey and literature research were conducted on the medicinal materials and their origins. The source of these problems are explored. The correct origins and the Chinese names or Latin names are all determined according to the research results to the situation, in which the Chinese and Latin names of the original plants of the medicinal materials do not match. The correct family name and group name are obtained through textual research by taxonomy if the names are confused or mis-sing. The scientific evidence and correct results of revision in the 2020 edition of ChP are determined at last.

Determination of triglycerides and fatty acids in Coicis Semen from different areas and its quality evaluation / 中草药

Objective: To determine the seven kinds of triglycerides and two kinds of unsaturated fatty acids in Coicis Semen in order to evaluate the quality of Coicis Semen in different producing areas. Methods: HPLC-ELSD method was used to determine the content of seven triglycerides in Coicis Semen. The HPLC-UV method was established to determine the content of oleic acid and linoleic acid. The cluster analysis method was used for quality evaluation. Results: The content of trilinolein, 1,2-dilinoleic acid-3-olein, 1,2-dilinoleic acid-3-palmitin, 1,2-dioleic acid-3-linolein, 1-palmitic acid-2 oleic acid-3-linolein, triolein, 1,2-dioleic acid-3-palmitin were 0.31%-0.83%, 0.81%-1.81%, 0.38%-0.95%, 1.19%-2.39%, 0.67%-1.58%, 0.71%-1.55%, 0.44%-1.13%, respectively. The content of oleic acid and linoleic acid in 14 batches of Coicis Semen were 0.45%-0.72% and 0.37%-0.53%, respectively. Adopting triglyceride and fatty acid as variables, the samples can be grouped into three categories. Conclusion: Some differences existed in content of triglyceride and fatty acid in Coicis Semen from different areas, but the clustering results did not find the correlation between its content and origin. The determination of multi-components comprehensively reflected the quality of Coicis Semen.

Beneficial effects of Coicis Semen formula on high-fat diet-induced obesity in mice / 中草药

Objective: To study the effects and mechanism of Coicis Semen formula on high-fat diet-induced obesity in mice. Methods: C57BL/6J male mice were fed on chow or high-fat diet. After three months, except for control group, the obese mice (body weight more than 20% of the control mice) were randomly divided into model group (model), Coicis Semen formula low-dose group (0.59 g/kg, F-low), Coicis Semen formula high-dose group (1.17 g/kg, F-high) and positive control group (orlistat, 15.6 mg/kg, positive control). F-low, F-high and positive control groups were treated orally for two months, and the control group and the model group were given an equal volume of saline. The fat content of mice was quantified by computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the size of adipocytes was observed by tissue staining and the level of inflammatory cytokines was detected by qRT-PCR. Results: The results showed that after treatment with Coicis Semen formula, the relative body weight, food utilization ratio and waist circumference were significantly reduced (P < 0.05). An oral glucose tolerance test elucidated that Coicis Semen formula could improve glucose tolerance (P < 0.05). CT and MRI results indicated that the abdominal fat thickness and whole-body fat content of Coicis Semen formula groups were decreased (P < 0.05), which were also confirmed by the adipose tissue weight and HE staining results. Meanwhile, after administration of Coicis Semen formula, the liver weight decreased, less lipid droplets accumulated, and serum triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) levels were also significantly lowered (P < 0.05). Coicis Semen formula also significantly down-regulated serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels and inflammatory factors tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in liver (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Coicis Semen formula prevented high-fat diet-induced obesity by reducing lipid aggregation and inflammatory factor expression.

Innovation of pulvis modification technology in traditional Chinese medicine preparations: A case study of Shenling Baizhu Pulvis / 中草药

Objective: To study the powder properties and powder modification technology of Shenling Baizhu Pulvis (SBP), so as to lay a foundation for the study of the suitability of powder modification technology in the solid preparation of traditional Chinese medicine. Methods: The characterization and evaluation methods of powder in the field of materials science and pharmaceutical science were used for reference to evaluate the grouping of single medicinal materials in the particle design and the process rationality of composite particles. The preparation process of composite particles of SBP was optimized by L9(34) orthogonal test, and the surface properties of the composite particles were evaluated by SEM, IR and XRD. Results: The study on the powder properties of prescription raw materials showed that there was a good correlation between the grinding time and the particle size. Finally, the best process for composite particles was as following: the pulverization temperature for powders of Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma, Dioscoreag Rhizoma, Nelumbinis Semen, Lablab Semen Album, Coicis Semen and Platycodonis Radix was -10 ℃ for 45 min, and then pulverization for another 4 min after adding with Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma, Poria, Amomi Fructus and Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma. The results showed that the composite particles were well formed and the preparation process was stable and feasible. Conclusion: The powder modification technology solves the powder defects in the preparation process of traditional powder, which provides experimental basis for powder modification technology to improve the quality of traditional Chinese medicine solid preparation and promote the development and upgrading of powder, pill and other traditional dosage forms.

Analysis of chemical constituents of fatty acids and their esters of Coicis Semen by UPLC-Triple-TOF-MS / 中草药

Objective: To establish a rapid qualitative analysis method for fatty acids and esters in Coicis Semen by ultra-performance liquid chromatography triple quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Triple-TOF-MS). Methods: Agilent ZORBAX-SB C18 (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5.0 μm) column was used. The mobile phase was acetonitrile-isopropanol (1:1) elution, the flow rate was 1 mL/min, the detection wavelength was 210 nm, the column temperature was 30 ℃, and the injection quantity was 10 μL. Electrospray ion source positive ion mode was adopted, and the scanning range was m/z 100-1 500. The sample data were collected by full scanning mode, and the fatty acid chemical composition of Coicis Semen was quickly identified according to the information obtained by high-resolution mass spectrometry combined with secondary mass spectrometry. Results: A total of 29 kinds of fatty acids and esters in Coicis Semen were detected, and the cracking rules of the compounds were analyzed. Through the mass-to-charge ratio of molecular ion peaks and fragment ions, the Scifinder and Reaxy network databases, and the literature, these compounds were different under the action of ion source by losing the structure of oleic acid, linoleic acid, palmitic acid, oxidizing oleic acid and the like. The mass-to-charge ratio of the fragment ions, and the name and structural formula of the 29 fatty acids and their ester compounds were inferred. Conclusion: The method of qualitative analysis of the fatty acids and esters of Coicis Semen established in this study is accurate, rapid and sensitive, which provides experimental basis for improving the quality control level of Coicis Semen and further elucidating the pharmacodynamic substance basis of Coicis Semen.

Research progress on chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Coicis Semen / 中草药

Coicis Semen is a common traditional Chinese medicine for medicine and food homology, with high nutritional value, known as "the King of Gramineae". It contains fatty acids and esters, polysaccharides, flavonoids, triterpenes, alkaloids, sterols, lactams, starch and other compounds, which exerts different effects in the treatment of diseases of Coicis Semen to achieve the purpose of treatment. Recent research has found that Coicis Semen not only has a good effect of removing dampness and diuresis in the theory of traditional Chinese medicine, but also can treat a variety of cancers, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, fatty liver, rheumatoid arthritis and other diseases. Furthermore, it can enhance immunity and regulate intestinal flora. It also can be used as the treatment for medicinal diet auxiliary diseases, and the clinical adverse reactions are less, and the medication is safer. Kanglaite injection with Coicis Semen oil as the main raw material has been widely used in the clinical treatment of a variety of cancers, and many health foods and medicinal diets are also under development. This paper mainly discusses the research progress on the chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Coicis Semen, hoping to provide reference for the further study of Coicis Semen.

Historical evolution of Coicis Semen processing methods / 中国中药杂志

Coicis Semen is widely used as a raw material which can be used as both medicine and food among people. According to the ancient monographs on materia medica and relevant documents on the processing specifications in various provinces and cities, herba logical study on the historical evolution of the processing methods of Coicis Semen was conducted in this paper from the aspects of collecting and processing methods of Coicis Semen, the processing methods in the past dynasties and the nature, flavour and efficacy of Coicis Semen. The results showed that the processing methods of Coicis Semen recorded in monographs on materia medica mainly included stir-frying, glutinous rice stir-frying, salt processing(including salt cooking and salt stir-frying), stir-frying with the earth scraped from the wall facing east, and ginger juice stir-frying, etc. Among them, stir-frying, and stir-frying with the earth scraped from the wall facing east are still used nowadays. The bran stir-frying is the improved version of glutinous rice stir-frying in order to be adaptive to the modern-day situation and the needs of the present. In addition, the ancient shell removal and kernel keeping method are also included in the processing procedures in modern local processing specifications, which are combined with frying to form a new method named "Fazhi" processing( "Fazhi" means a processing method of multiple procedures). The 2015 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia records that Coicis Semen is helpful to clear dampness and promote diuresis, strengthen the spleen and prevent diarrhea, eliminate impediment, discharge pus, resolve toxin and a mass, etc., which are consistent with those contained in ancient monographs on materia medica. After the "Fazhi" processing, the cold nature of Coicis Semen has been removed and its nature,flavour and meridian tropism have been changed, so its application scopes expanded. The results of this study clearly traced the history of the collecting and proces-sing of Coicis Semen, summarized the nature, flavour and efficacy of Coicis Semen contained in both ancient and modern literature, and provided a historical basis for the standardization of the subsequent processing technology of Coicis Semen, the clinical application of various processed products, and the further development and utilization of medicinal materials.

Comparison of the diuretic effects of Descurainiae Semen, Coicis Semen and Plantaginis Semen / 中成药

AIM To compare the diuretic effects of Descurainiae Semen (DS),Coicis Semen (CS) and Plantaginis Semen (PS),and to observe their mechanical similarities and differences.METHODS Metabolic cage method was applied to investigating the diuretic effects of DS (2.34 g/kg),CS (7.00 g/kg) and PS (3.50 g/kg),whose diuretic mechanisms were studied by cryoscopic method,enzyme method,ion selective electrode method,ELISA and Western blot.RESULTS DS,CS and PS obviously increased saline-loaded rats' urine volume (P ＜ 0.05) and reduced their body weight (P ＜ 0.05) after administration for 7 h,which exhibited no significant effects on urine creatinine (Ucr),serum creatinine (Scr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN)(P ＞ 0.05).DS showed its diuretic effect mainly by lowering the levels of serum Na +,atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP),brain natriuretic peptide (BNP),pulmonary AQP3,renal AQP1 and AQP2;CS showed its diuretic effect mainly by reducing the levels of serum Na +,Cl-,ANP,pulmonary AQP3,gastric AQP3,renal AQP1 and AQP2;PS showed its diuretic effect mainly by decreasing the levels of serum Na + and Cl-,pulmonary AQP3,gastric AQP3,renal AQP1 and AQP2.CONCLUSION Three medicinal materials have significant diuretic effects without obvious renal harm.DS categorized as a medicinal plant of lung channel and tropism has a great effect on netriuretic peptide system,CS categorized as a medicinal plant of spleen channel and tropism has a great effect on gastric AQP3,and PS categorized as a medicinal plant of renal channel and tropism has a great effect on renal AQPs.

Preparation and in vitro targeted antitumor effect of Coicis Semen oil-tripterine microemulsion co-modified with transferrin and folic acid / 中草药

Objective: A transferrin and folic acid co-modified Coicis Semen oil-tripterine microemulsion (Tf/FA-CT-MEs) was developed to improve the tumor targeting and thereby enhance the in vitro antitumor efficacy. Methods: FA-PEG 400 was synthesized by classic condensation and together with transferrin as targeting ligands. The structures were characterized by FT-IR and H-NMR. Tf/FA-CT-MEs were prepared by aqueous titration method using Coicis Semen oil as oil phase, followed by anchoring Tf on the surface of prepared particles mentioned-above in aqueous environment. The physiochemical properties and morphology were detected by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), respectively. The A549 and MCF-7 cellular uptake of various microemulsions was detected through employing fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) as a fluorescence probe. The in vitro antitumor efficacy of the microemulsions against A549 and MCF-7 cells were determined by MTT assay and cell apoptosis kit. Results: FA-PEG 400 was synthesized and characterized as a target ligand. The Tf/FA-CT-MEs with spherical shape had a small droplet size (52.52 ± 0.11) nm, narrow polydispersion index (PDI, 0.124 ± 0.019), and negative Zeta potential (-21.50 ± 1.70) mV, respectively, with good in vitro stability. In in vitro antitumor efficacy, the half proliferation inhibitory concentration (IC50) of Tf/FA-CT-MEs was 0.77 μmol/L on MCF-7 cell model and 0.85 μmol/L on A549 cell model. The cellular uptake results suggested that the fluorescence intensity of MCF-7 and A549 cells was 2782.33 ± 131.77 and 2762.91 ± 23.18 for 4 h, respectively. Besides, (70.60 ± 6.92)% of MCF-7 cells were induced to apoptosis by Tf/FA-CT-MEs. Conclusion: Tf/FA-CT-MEs could improve in vitro targeting and cytotoxicity toward MCF-7 cells. This study suggests that the modification with dul-targeted ligands could be a promising strategy for developing tumor-specific nanomedicines.

Inhibition of Coicis Semen oil on human prostate cancer PC-3 cells / 中草药

Objective To investigate the inhibitory effect of Coicis Semen oil on human prostate cancer PC-3 cell. Methods A Nude mice xenograft model was established with human prostate cancer PC-3 cells. Meanwhile, intragastric administration with Coicis Semen oil 2 mL/kg and 6 mL/kg was run for once daily and growth-curve was drawn through measuring the tumor volume until 26 d. At the end of the experiment, tumor weights were measured and the tumor inhibition rate of each group was calculated. The activity of fatty acid synthase (FAS) was determined through UV-VIS spectrophotometry. PC-3 cells were cultured in vitro. SYBR Green I real-time quantitative RT-PCR was used to determine the relative expression of FAS mRNA. Results The tumor inhibition rate of Coicis Semen oil 6 mL/kg group was 43.9%. Compared with model group, FAS activity in this tumor tissue decreased by 44.7% (P < 0.05). The expression of FAS mRNA was significantly decreased at 20 μL/mL of Coicis Semen oil group (P < 0.05). Conclusion Coicis Semen oil on human prostate cancer PC-3 cells has a significant inhibitory effect. FAS activity and mRNA expression decline may be related to its main anti-cancer mechanism.

Study on preparation of butyryl galactose ester-modified coix component microemulsions and their anticancer activity in vitro / 中草药

Objective: To synthesize butyryl galactose ester (But-Gal) and prepare butyryl galactose ester-modified coix component microemulsions (But-Gal-CMEs) and to evaluate its physicochemical properties and anticancer activity in vitro. Methods: But-Gal was synthesized by enzyme-catalyzed reaction and the structure of the product was confirmed by 1H-NMR and FT-IR. The CMEs and But-Gal-CMEs were prepared by aqueous titration method using coix seed oil, Cremophor RH40, PEG400, But-Gal, and coixan solution as oil phase, surfactant, cosurfactant, target ligand, and aqueous phase, respectively. The average particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), and Zeta potential were detected by dynamic light scattering (DLS). The cytotoxicity of CMEs and But-Gal-CMEs aganist HepG2 cells was determined by MTT assay. The cellular uptake of CMEs and But-Gal-CMEs was detected by fluorescence microscopy. Results: The structure of But-Gal was confirmed by 1H-NMR and FT-IR. The But-Gal-CMEs displayed the spherical surface with mean droplet size of (57.68 ± 6.65) nm, PDI of 0.070 ± 0.006, and Zeta potential of (-2.95 ± 0.23) mV, respectively. MTT experiments showed that the half of HepG2 cell proliferation inhibition concentration (IC50) of But-Gal-CMEs and CMEs was 62.55 and 71.23 μg/mL. The HepG2 cell uptake results suggested that the fluorescence intensity of But-Gal-CMEs group was higher than that of CMEs group. Conclusion: The But-Gal-CMEs presents small particle size, good roundness, and good stability. In addition, But-Gal could increase the uptake rate of CMEs in HepG2 cells and enhance the inhibition of HepG2 cell proliferation.

Evaluation of Estrogenic Effects ofCoicis Semen Aqueous Extracts / 世界科学技术-中医药现代化

This study was aimed to investigate the estrogenic effects ofCoicis Semen in order to preliminarily discuss the mechanism. Mouse uterine weight test and MCF-7 cell proliferation assay were used to evaluate the estrogenic effects ofC. Semen. Reporter gene assays were adopted to explore the action mechanism ofC. Semen. In reporter gene assay, HEK293 cells were co-transfected with pERE-TAL-luc, pβgal-Control, pCXN2-hERα, or pCXN2-hERβ. And the expression of reporter gene luc was controlled by ERE. Mouse uterine weight test showed that compared with the control group, the aqueous extracts ofC. Semen can increase the uterus index of premature female mice (P<0.01). It can significantly promote the proliferation of MCF-7 cells in the medium without estrogen (P<0.01). The reporter gene controlled by ERE technology showed thatwhen mediated by ERα or ERβ respectively, the normalized luciferase activity of aqueous extracts ofC. Semen was significantly higher than activity of the control group (P< 0.05 orP< 0.01). It was concluded that the aqueous extracts ofC.Semen can increase the uterus index of premature female mice and promote the proliferation of MCF-7 cells in the medium without estrogen. We found the estrogenic effects ofC. Semen for the first time. And the estrogenic effects ofC. Semen were mainly mediated by ERβ.

Research on fusion-fingerprint of Coicis Semen oil / 中草药

Objective: To establish the fusion-fingerprint of Coicis Semen oil. Methods: The Coicis Semen oil was analyzed by GC-MS and HPLC-ELSD, and the fusion-fingerprint was originated from the Computer Aided Similarity Evaluation software based on the normalized data acquired by the above two methods. Results: Twenty-one common peaks existed in the fusion-fingerprint of which there were 13 kinds of aliphatic esters detected by GC-MS and 8 kinds of triglyceride ingredients detected by HPLC-ELSD. Conclusion: The fusion-fingerprint established on GC-MS combined with HPLC-ELSD could provide integrity and more information for the quality control of Chinese materia medica.

Usefullness of Choyoto for Hand Eczema / 日本東洋医学雑誌

We analyzed the differences between responder and non-responder groups using Choyoto for hand eczema. In 7 cases the drug was effective, and in 6 cases it was not. Most patients in the effective group had white-complexioned skin, and the eczema tended to localize on the hands. In contrast, most patients in the non-effective group had with sleep difficulties and/or a smoking habit. In addition, they showed marked symptoms of Oketsu such as dark red gingiva, indicating that many of the non-effective hand eczema cases had elevated Oketsu scores. It was shown that objective and subjective symptoms could be indicators for the choosing of Choyoto for hand eczema treatment.

Kampo Formulas Containing Coicis Semen that are Effective in the Treatment of Verrucae' Supplement / 日本東洋医学雑誌

A report by the author entitled “Kampo formulas containing Coicis Semen that are Effective in the Treatment of Verrucae” was published in Volume 47 Number 1 of the Japanese Journal of Oriental Medicine. In this paper, the author notes the finding of a reference that supplements the above report. In ‘Yojuin Yamawaki Sensei Hokan, ’ written by Yamawaki Toyo the author found the following: “To control verrucae, boil 5 sen of Coicis Semen in 3 go of water. Drink or wash the affected area with 1 go of this use.” (This text was originally written in classical Chinese.) It is clear from this statement that Yamawaki Toyo used Coicis Semen for verrucae in a manner resembling folk medicine. Although the date of compilation of the text is not known, this treatment method had obviously been in use before the death of Yamawaki Toyo (1762).<br>The description of the use containing Coicis Semen appearing in the above text is more accurate than that found in ‘Yamato Honzo.’<br>The first description of a formula for Coicis Semen for the treatment of verrucae is found in ‘Meika Hosen, ’ which was edited by Yamada Genrin in his late teens after stealing formulas from various famous doctors. According to various medical texts, the name of Yamada Genrin was Ikyo. In ‘Meika Hosen, ’ which Yamada edited, his name was written using different Chinese characters, but also pronounced ‘Ikyo’, this was probably his original first name. The name ‘Ikyo’ with the characters used later is associated with the text ‘Baiso Yakugen.’

Kampo Formulas Containing Coicis Semen that are Effective in the Treatment of Verrucae' Supplement / 日本東洋医学雑誌

A report by the author entitled “Kampo formulas containing Coicis Semen that are Effective in the Treatment of Verrucae” was published in Volume 47 Number 1 of the Japanese Journal of Oriental Medicine. In this paper, the author notes the finding of a reference that supplements the above report. In ‘Yojuin Yamawaki Sensei Hokan, ’ written by Yamawaki Toyo the author found the following: “To control verrucae, boil 5 sen of Coicis Semen in 3 go of water. Drink or wash the affected area with 1 go of this use.” (This text was originally written in classical Chinese.) It is clear from this statement that Yamawaki Toyo used Coicis Semen for verrucae in a manner resembling folk medicine. Although the date of compilation of the text is not known, this treatment method had obviously been in use before the death of Yamawaki Toyo (1762).<br>The description of the use containing Coicis Semen appearing in the above text is more accurate than that found in ‘Yamato Honzo.’<br>The first description of a formula for Coicis Semen for the treatment of verrucae is found in ‘Meika Hosen, ’ which was edited by Yamada Genrin in his late teens after stealing formulas from various famous doctors. According to various medical texts, the name of Yamada Genrin was Ikyo. In ‘Meika Hosen, ’ which Yamada edited, his name was written using different Chinese characters, but also pronounced ‘Ikyo’, this was probably his original first name. The name ‘Ikyo’ with the characters used later is associated with the text ‘Baiso Yakugen.’

Kampo Formulas Containing Coicis Semen that are Effective in the Treatment of Verrucae' Supplement / 日本東洋医学雑誌

A report by the author entitled “Kampo formulas containing Coicis Semen that are Effective in the Treatment of Verrucae” was published in Volume 47 Number 1 of the Japanese Journal of Oriental Medicine. In this paper, the author notes the finding of a reference that supplements the above report. In ‘Yojuin Yamawaki Sensei Hokan, ’ written by Yamawaki Toyo the author found the following: “To control verrucae, boil 5 sen of Coicis Semen in 3 go of water. Drink or wash the affected area with 1 go of this use.” (This text was originally written in classical Chinese.) It is clear from this statement that Yamawaki Toyo used Coicis Semen for verrucae in a manner resembling folk medicine. Although the date of compilation of the text is not known, this treatment method had obviously been in use before the death of Yamawaki Toyo (1762).<br>The description of the use containing Coicis Semen appearing in the above text is more accurate than that found in ‘Yamato Honzo.’<br>The first description of a formula for Coicis Semen for the treatment of verrucae is found in ‘Meika Hosen, ’ which was edited by Yamada Genrin in his late teens after stealing formulas from various famous doctors. According to various medical texts, the name of Yamada Genrin was Ikyo. In ‘Meika Hosen, ’ which Yamada edited, his name was written using different Chinese characters, but also pronounced ‘Ikyo’, this was probably his original first name. The name ‘Ikyo’ with the characters used later is associated with the text ‘Baiso Yakugen.’

Kampo Formulas Containing Coicis Semen that are Effective in the Treatment of Verrucae' Supplement / 日本東洋医学雑誌

A report by the author entitled “Kampo formulas containing Coicis Semen that are Effective in the Treatment of Verrucae” was published in Volume 47 Number 1 of the Japanese Journal of Oriental Medicine. In this paper, the author notes the finding of a reference that supplements the above report. In ‘Yojuin Yamawaki Sensei Hokan, ’ written by Yamawaki Toyo the author found the following: “To control verrucae, boil 5 sen of Coicis Semen in 3 go of water. Drink or wash the affected area with 1 go of this use.” (This text was originally written in classical Chinese.) It is clear from this statement that Yamawaki Toyo used Coicis Semen for verrucae in a manner resembling folk medicine. Although the date of compilation of the text is not known, this treatment method had obviously been in use before the death of Yamawaki Toyo (1762).<br>The description of the use containing Coicis Semen appearing in the above text is more accurate than that found in ‘Yamato Honzo.’<br>The first description of a formula for Coicis Semen for the treatment of verrucae is found in ‘Meika Hosen, ’ which was edited by Yamada Genrin in his late teens after stealing formulas from various famous doctors. According to various medical texts, the name of Yamada Genrin was Ikyo. In ‘Meika Hosen, ’ which Yamada edited, his name was written using different Chinese characters, but also pronounced ‘Ikyo’, this was probably his original first name. The name ‘Ikyo’ with the characters used later is associated with the text ‘Baiso Yakugen.’